Following this, the research member verbalized what they had written down and asked the parent whether they wanted them to modify anything. Next, a research member would look over the list they had written down for any major feeding gaps and inquire about possible foods or beverages consumed during those times. Currently, the CDC recommends feeding breast milk or formula for a year before fully transitioning to table foods (Īt the beginning of the telephone calls, parents verbalized a quick list of everything that their infant/toddler had consumed 24 hours prior. To accomplish these aims, we divided our cohort into infants (9–12 months n = 97) and toddlers (13–15 months n = 44) because we expected the sources of added sugars to differ between them. As an ancillary analysis, we compared the effect size of added sugar versus protein intakes on rapid weight gain (Aim 4). Given that formula-fed individuals are introduced to added sugars much earlier than those who are breastfed, we also examined the amount of added sugars consumed during the complementary feeding period from table foods between primarily formula-fed compared with breastfed infants/toddlers (Aim 3). Therefore, we aimed to determine the contribution of added sugars in formulas compared with those in beverages and foods (namely, table foods) consumed during the complementary feeding period on total infant added sugar intakes (Aim 1), and the association between added sugars in formulas compared with those in table foods on rapid weight gain (Aim 2). However, the relation between added sugars specifically from infant formulas and rapid weight gain is not clear.

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